Building Green and Resilient Cities in Africa: Analyzing the role of Urban Green Spaces, Urban Agriculture, and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Transition to a Green Economy

Abstract

This study analyzes how African cities particularly in Senegal can strengthen climate resilience and promote sustainable urban development towards green economy transition through three key drivers: urban green spaces, urban agriculture, and the integrated Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus approach. To achieve this, a mixed-methods research design was employed, combining both qualitative and quantitative data. Surveys, interviews, and field observations were conducted with urban households, urban farmers, and municipal stakeholders across six Senegalese cities in October 2023. Additionally, an econometric analysis was performed using regional data from thirteen Sub-Saharan African countries (2000–2022), applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework, and dynamic panel data modeling (GMM). The findings show that knowledge and satisfaction with urban green spaces are influenced by socioeconomic factors such as education, income, and environmental awareness. These factors also determine the willingness to pay for green space improvements. Urban agriculture significantly contributes to food security and climate resilience by providing fresh local produce and promoting sustainable practices like crop diversification and efficient irrigation. Municipal governments play a critical role in facilitating urban agriculture through land-use policies and resource allocation. At the regional level, the econometric results confirm that adopting a WEF Nexus approach improves food security, reduces environmental degradation, and supports the transition to a green economy. The research advocates comprehensive policies that integrate the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus with green economy principles to address resource challenges and foster long-term urban resilience. Effective implementation of policies promoting renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, water conservation, and environmental regulations is crucial for ensuring urban sustainability and resilience in the face of climate change. Based on these findings, the dissertation recommends integrating green spaces and urban agriculture into urban planning, enhancing public-private partnerships, improving access to productive resources, and adopting multisectoral policies grounded in the WEF Nexus framework. These actions are essential for building long-term climate resilience and achieving sustainable development across African cities.